2016年大選前,我與梁燕城博士舉行了一場研討會(點擊觀看錄影),討論我們對美國大選的看法。之後有一位住在南加州的余創豪博士,在大選一星期前發表了一篇名為「福音派的迷思:特朗普是傳統道德的守護天使嗎?」文章(點擊閱讀)。我由於孤陋寡聞,不知道有這篇評論文章,直到21個月後的今天才拜讀。提議余博士評論他人的文章應該盡量送交到被評論者的手上,讓對方能夠及時作出回應。我的電郵地址長期公開,每天收到不下100個電郵,所以要將文章傳給我是輕而易舉的事。
余博士的文章一開始,便引用英諺:「你有權發表自己的意見,但沒有權利去創造自己的事實」。這句話通常是指責對方歪曲事實的前奏,我當然特別留意余博士認為我歪曲了甚麼事實。原來余博士對我的批評,主要是我在討論中提到美國上世紀60年代開始道德水平滑落,余博士引用一位專家(Steven Pinker)認為「世界道德越來越好」。大家意見不同,可以進行探討(我假定余博士明白意見與事實的分別),不必給任何一方戴「創造自己的事實」的帽子。
余博士也認為我提出「美國道德淪亡」這個議題是「狹隘地將道德定義為性倫理」,並且與普羅大眾最關注的選舉議題」不符,然後他問道:「為什麼公眾關注的問題和福音派關注的問題存在這極大的差異呢?」余博士引用《時代週刊》的調查,普羅大眾最關注的問題是:經濟和就業、恐怖主義和國家安全、保健及移民。研討會時間甚短,我認為許多基督徒投票的關鍵是兩位候選人最高法官提名的決定,美國以後道德的標準和走向亦是基督徒父母應該關注的。至於經濟與就業、健保等議題,我在自己的理財電台節目及網頁中不斷提及,難得與梁燕城博士的研討中多談美國道德走向,即使余博士不同意,我也看不出甚麼地方委曲了事實。
上世紀初期從歐洲傳來的進化論和無神論觀點,對美國是有深遠的影響,余博士當然可以有自己不同的看法,但他人也一樣有權有自己的看法,我們無需必定討論「普羅大眾所關注的」議題。公眾關注的問題和福音派基督徒關注的問題存在巨大的差異,有什麼出奇或不對呢?基督徒應該關注與信仰有關的事,這有甚麼問題呢?余博士也不見得每篇文章都只是討論民眾最關心的問題,請問余博士是否與時代脫節呢?
最後,余博士質疑「特朗普是否傳統道德的守護者?」。由於我們的研討會是針對美國大選,我們只能比較兩位候選人對美國傳統道德的影響。這又是個人的意見,與事實無關。特朗普總統現已執政差不多兩年,我們可以對他這方面的政績有個初步的評價,我其他的文章中有分析評論,不在這篇文章的範圍內。
美國道德是否「愈來愈好,愈來愈進步」,大家可以有不同的個人看法(opinions),余博士可以盡情「迷思」,卻不必誣衊不同的看法就是歪曲事實。
8/18/2018
我將我以上的回應傳給余博士,以下是他的回覆:
Hi, Mr. Lam.
Thanks for your response. However, you didn’t directly respond to my challenges. For example, you talked about moral decline in the 1960s and I pointed out that civil rights improved due to the 1960 civil right movement. Could you comment on this? I do not entirely agree to Steven Pinker, but he made his claims based on statistical data and historical facts.
In the seminar 梁燕城形容希拉莉為一個「惡婆」,在上台之後她會繼續在外事政策上採取強硬態度;相反,特朗普是一個商人,在國際事務上他會採取比較溫和的姿態,會以協商手法去解決衝突。
Does President Trump really use a moderate approach in foreign affairs? Please convince me with facts.
I have a suggestion for you: If you really want to know whether your points are supported by “facts" and whether your arguments are compelling, please consider submit your articles to peer-review journals and see whether your reasoning can pass scholarly review.
Thank you for your attention.
Best,
Chong Ho Yu (Alex)
以下是我給他的回覆:
Dear Alex:
Let’s first identify the “challenges" in your article. I see there are two: (a) has America’s morality declined or improved? (b) Is President Trump a “defender of morality"? At the outset let me emphasize that first “challenge" deals with personal opinions and beliefs. And the second “challenge" involves projections/ predictions since at the time of our forum and at the time you wrote your article Trump had not been elected yet. In both cases no facts are involved. So your opening statement of “not entitled to your own facts" is irrelevant. However, as now we have 21 months of Trump administration, in my response to your second challenge (Is Trump a defender of morality) I can point to some facts.
Has America’s morality declined or improved?
First we have to define what we are measuring. Then we have to define the yardstick of measurement. Since you are also a Christian, it will be helpful to see what the bible says about the subject.
You seem to disagree that morality refer to just sexual practices. I agree sexual practice is only a part of morality, but it is an important element. You quoted athetist Steven Pinker to advocate that morality in the world has been improving. That is Pinker’s personal opinion, and is subject to scrutiny. You used the civil rights movement as proof that morality in America has improved. Civil rights, together with the abolition of slavery and women suffrage, are no doubt improvements in the modern society. But aren’t you falling into the same narrowness that you accused me of? Is morality merely civil rights? Under the banner of morality, we could include: the issue of when life begins (abortion), the issue of who decides when one dies (euthanasia), societal justice versus lawlessness, religious apathy, marriage and family, political integrity, etc. I hope you see it is simply impossible to discuss all issues related to morality in one meeting. I chose sexual behavior to prove my points that morality is decaying. You wrote that you are opposed to same sex marriage and gender confusion. I feel that the institutionaliation of deviant sexual behavior proves morality is decaying, and no amount of economic success or technological advancement or civil rights improvements can compensate for it.
What is the yardstick of morality? As Christians we must measure it by God’s standards. Roman 1:20-32 clearly described the situation in the end times. After condemning homosexuality in verses 26-27, God described the conditions of the human heart: “…Furthermore, just as they did not think it worthwhile to retain the knowledge of God, so God gave them over to a depraved mind, so that they do what ought not to be done. They have become filled with every kind of wickedness, evil, greed and depravity. They are full of envy, murder, strife, deceit and malice. They are gossips, slanderers, God-haters, insolent, arrogant and boastful; they invent ways of doing evil; they disobey their parents; they have no understanding, no fidelity, no love, no mercy. Although they know God’s righteous decree that those who do such things deserve death, they not only continue to do these very things but also approve of those who practice them." In II Timothy 3 Paul warned that “But mark this: there will be terrible times in the last days.". And then he proceeded to describe the rampant sins in human hearts in the end times. I cannot find anywhere in the bible that teaches the world is getting better and better. Instead, two modern day sins are absent in history but exists right before our eyes: same sex marriage (destroying God’s design for marriage) and gender fludity (click on https://goo.gl/5NXvEC to see my commentes on this subject)
The belief that the world is getting better and better fits into what the “Postmillennialsts" believe. They feel we are already in the Millennium and Christ now rules thorugh His church. And due to the church’s influence the world just gets better and better until Christ returns so the church will hand over a much-improved world to Christ to be His earthly Kingdom. This was a very popular belief among Christians in the 1800’s, represented by known preachers like Jonahan Edwards, Charles Wesley, etc. But nowadays, after the two world wars, few Christians believe we are in the golden age of improvement. As I explained above, when it comes to the essential issues such as sexual practices, the sanctity of life and death, the sanctity of marriage and family, etc. I do not feel we are improving. Case in point: divorce rate among Christians are fast approaching that of non-Christians.
Is Trump a “defender of morailty"
I originally dislike Trump becuse of his style and mannerism. Also I detest his casino ownership. But like many Christians I supported him because he has committed to appoint conservative and constitution-abiding supreme court judges. He kept his promise by nominating Gorsuch, and now Kavanaugh. Both are Christians.
We cannot expect Trump to preach morality. But let’s see what he has done in the past 21 months in terms of morailty:
- The employment situations for blacks and Hispanics greatly improved under Trump.
- He abolished the Johnson Amendment, thus allowing ministers more freedom to comment on social and political issues on the pulpit.
- He abolished the ridiculous gender-confused rules that Obama began to implement in elementary and high schools.
- He brings back prayer breakfast, bible study and prayers to the White House.
Looking at the 21 months of Trump administration, I cannot find anything he did that would jeapordize morality in any way. Certainly he is not a perfect individual. But no one expects him to be perfect. God can use imperfect persons to do His work. Case in point: King Nabakanezer, whom God called “my servant".
As to your “peer review" suggestion, that works for academic publications. I am just writing personal commentaries.
Sau-Wing
特朗普沒有危害道德?回應林修榮
2016年大選前,林修榮與梁燕城博士舉行了一場研討會,題目是【美國何去何從】,兩者的立場都是反希拉莉和支持特朗普。之後,筆者撰寫了【福音派的迷思:特朗普是傳統道德的守護天使嗎?】一文作為回應。最近林修榮發給我電郵,以【盡情迷思,莫派帽子】一文反駁我的說法,我在電郵中只是簡短地回覆,不過,後來林修榮在他的網站中公開了我們之間的電郵,所以筆者覺得也有必要公開地回應。
林修榮提出了很多論題,我暫且略過關於梁燕城的部分,以下是林先生的要點:
- 他所說的只是意見,而不涉及事實,我批評他歪曲事實是扣帽子;
- 心理學家史提芬平克說人類社會的道德向前邁進,這是有待商榷的意見,世界變得越來越好是後千禧年派的講法;
- 我將道德著眼於民權是狹窄的說法,他說:「余博士也不見得每篇文章都只是討論民眾最關心的問題,請問余博士是否與時代脫節呢?」
- 聖經是道德的標準,性偏差行為體制化證明了道德正在走下坡,經濟發展、科技進步、民權改善都無法補償在這方面的倒退,他寫到:「 I feel that the institutionaliation (sic) of deviant sexual behavior proves morality is decaying, and no amount of economic success or technological advancement or civil rights improvements can compensate for it. 」
- 回顧特朗普過去二十一個月的管治,林修榮沒有發現特朗普做過任何東西危害道德,他寫道 :「 Looking at the 21 months of Trump administration, I cannot find anything he did that would jeapordize (sic) morality in any way. 」
是意見還是事實?
我在自己文章中曾經提及梁燕城歪曲事實,但在這裡我只想集中討論林修榮的說法,林先生在他網站中寫道:「許多人會指出,美國道德的滑落是由上世紀 60 年代開始,首先是中小學禁止禁止禱告、禁止誦讀聖經、禁止教授宗教課和講解基督教道理。接著,美國開始女權運動、性解放運動、1972 年全國墮胎合法化、80 年代同性戀出衣櫥運動、同性婚姻合法運動,至今新戰場是性別混淆、男女同廁同浴運動。」
熟悉美國歷史的讀者都會清楚地看到,林修榮對民權運動隻字不提,而提倡男女平等的女權運動卻被列為道德墮落的證據之一。打個比方說,如果談及八年抗戰這段歷史時,我只是提出平型關大戰、百團大戰,但完全不提起國民黨軍隊主導的淞滬之戰、台兒莊大捷、昆侖關大戰、長沙大戰……從而提出八路軍是反日本侵略的中流砥柱,這算不算是歪曲事實呢?
林修榮再三強調他所說的只是意見,而不涉及事實。坦白說,這令我感到莫名其妙,他引用聖經來說明道德的標準,這豈不是引申出他認為聖經所說的就是絕對真理,就是鐵一般的事實嗎?
史提芬平克:道德是退步還是進步?
我已經兩次提出自己並非同意所有史提芬平克的觀點,但林修榮仍然大筆墨地批評後千禧年派。我讀過史提芬平克的【The Better Angels of Our Nature】和【Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism and Progress】,他在兩本書中都提出了許多客觀數據,但林修榮說平克是無神論者,他的意見有待商榷,於是就此輕輕地略過。其實,自第二次世界大戰結束以來,戰爭的密度和規模一直在下降。根據聯邦調查局的數字,1993年至2016年美國的暴力犯罪率下降了48%。根據司法統計局的數據,暴力犯罪率在此期間下降了74%。 疾病、飢餓、極端貧困、文盲的比率也在下降。最近幾十年來,許多國家都由威權政體或獨裁政體過渡為民主政府,這趨勢在拍林圍牆倒塌、蘇聯解體之後更為明顯,現在167個國家中有97個是民主國家。
我再一次強調,我並沒有對平克所說的全盤接受,在很多方面,人類社會正在進步,美國社會亦然,但在某些方面卻面臨著倒退的危機,例如現在白人至上主義重新崛起、大規模槍擊案永無休止……。
但是,即使我們著眼於性道德,過去的性道德並不一定比現在更好,在男權至上的年代,女性對性虐待、性欺凌只能夠忍氣吞聲,如今metoo運動挑戰了傳統的性規範,這是性道德其中一面的進步。
狹窄和與時代脫節?
林修榮問我:「But aren’t you falling into the same narrowness that you accused me of? Is morality merely civil rights? 」首先,我從沒有說過道德就只是民權,熟悉我的讀者都會知道,我在不同文章中廣泛地討論許多其他議題,這包括了保守派人士所關心的性道德,例如:
Yu, C. H., & Lee, H. S. (2018). A multi-disciplinary inquiry of secular and Christian approaches to sex education. Journal of Research on Christian Education, 27, 76-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/10656219.2018.1442270
Yu, C. H., & Lee, H. S. (2016, April). Are religious faith and church attendance protective factors against casual sex? Poster presented at Western Psychological Association Conference, Long Beach, CA. Retrieved from http://www.creative-wisdom.com/pub/2016_WAP_Yu_poster1.pptx
Sonmez, S.; Apostolopoulos, Y; Yu, C. H.; Mattila, A., & Yu, L. C. (2006). Binge drinking and casual sex on spring break. Annals of Tourism Research, 33, 895-917.
我在文章中舉出了【時代雜誌】顯示美國民眾最關心的問題,林修榮說:「余博士也不見得每篇文章都只是討論民眾最關心的問題,請問余博士是否與時代脫節呢?」【時代雜誌】列出的議題包括了經濟和就業、恐怖主義和國家安全、保健、移民、聯邦政府預算赤字、槍支控制、社會安全保障、氣候變化、政府規管……。熟悉我的讀者都知道,我在無數文章中涵蓋了幾乎以上所有的議題,請參考在文章末後的附錄。
聖經道德標準抑或是美國文化標準?
在回應中他再次強調同性婚姻和性別混淆這兩種罪:「two modern day sins are absent in history but exists right before our eyes: same sex marriage (destroying God’s design for marriage) and gender fluidity (sic)」他又說:「我認為許多基督徒投票的關鍵是兩位候選人最高法官提名的決定,美國以後道德的標準和走向亦是基督徒父母應該關注的。」
林修榮引用【羅馬書】來作為道德的指標,但這是聖經裏面唯一談及的道德標準嗎?【阿摩司書】豈不是強調社會公義嗎?在聖經中關於正確使用財富的經文超過250節,關於照顧窮人和爭取公義的約有300節。為什麼福音派只是留意性道德呢?
在基督敎中往往肉體與邪情私慾掛鉤,反之,靈魂則與聖潔連上關係,結果肉體往往被過度性化(hypersexualized)。福音派極之強調「純潔」(purity),這個詞已經成為「童貞」的代名詞。儘管聖經裡面的「純潔」或者「聖潔」包含了更廣泛的意義,而不僅僅限於性貞潔。莫絲蘭娜(Sara Moslener)指出:基督教致力於維護性道德,可以追溯到19世紀末至20世紀初,在這段期間,有大量東歐、愛爾蘭移民湧入美國,盎格魯‧撒克遜的白種人擔心自己的種族在這大熔爐底下會失去其純粹性。鼓吹性貞潔其實是隱含了這規範:盎格魯‧撒克遜的基督新教白人女子不應該和黑人、猶太人、 和其他人種有性關係;明白了這段歷史,就不難理解為什麼福音派重視性貞潔而忽略種族題,在1960年代芝加哥慕迪聖經學院(Moody Bible Institute)要求女學生一定要戴胸圍,要保持高度的性道德,但同一時間,慕迪月刋(Moody Monthly)對於反種族隔離的民權法案卻不聞不問。到底我們所理解的聖經道德標準是否只是在某種特定文化之下的某個解釋角度呢?這是值得我們去反思的。
特朗普沒有危害道德?
林修榮指出:「回顧特朗普過去二十一個月的管治,他沒有發現特朗普做過任何東西危害道德。」林修榮可說是比共和黨更共和黨!
2018年6月,前第一夫人勞拉‧布什公開批評特朗普政府將非法入境兒童與父母分開的「零容忍政策」是「殘忍」和「不道德」的。2017年8月,新納粹分子在弗吉尼亞州的夏洛茨維爾市發起種族主義遊行,該組織與反抗議者發生衝突,一名女子被白人至上者開車撞死,但特朗普堅稱「雙方都有責任」、「雙方也有一些很好的人」。 許多共和黨人,包括已故的約翰‧麥凱恩、林賽‧格雷厄姆(Lindsey Graham)、傑‧布什(Jet Bush)、馬克‧盧比奧(Marco Rubio)、科里‧加德納(Cory Gardner)、約翰‧卡西奇(John Kasich)……等,都批評特朗普沒有在反種族主義上表現出道德立場。
特朗普就職典禮四天後,保守派政治評論員羅伯特‧斯賓塞(Robert Spencer)說:「可以這麼說,特朗普是一個白人民族主義者 。無論他喜不喜歡,他是極右派。」根據南部貧民法律中心(Southern Poverty Law Center)所說,自特朗普上任以來,基於種族仇恨的罪案正在上升。華威大學(University of Warwick)的研究人員穆勒(Karsten Müller)和史華茲(Carlo Schwarz)認為, 特朗普批評伊斯蘭的推文可能與過去幾年反穆斯林仇恨犯罪的增加直接相關。不少白人至上者都明言自己是特朗普的「粉絲」,舉例說,在去年5月一名在馬利蘭州大學讀書的黑人學生被一名白人至上者殺害,兇手在網上留言說:「特朗普沒有說錯西裔人,他們到這裏掠奪土地!」可是,特朗普並沒有高調地和這些白人主義者劃清界線。
此外,教宗方濟各將氣候變化視為道德問題,因為在「結構上不正常」的經濟體系中,富人剝削窮人,將地球變成了一個「巨大的垃圾缸」。衆所周知,特朗普上任之後便馬上退出嘗試減慢全球暖化的「巴黎協定」,重新恢復開採煤礦,大幅度削減環境保護局的財政預算,這種對地球不負責任的態度是極之不道德的!
還有,據【華盛頓郵報】報導,截至2018年5月,特朗普發表了大約3000條虛假或誤導性陳述, 例如,他聲稱自己在【時代】雜誌封面上的照片比任何其他人都多;在他上任的頭六個月裡,他簽署了比任何其他總統更多的法案;他就職典禮上的觀衆比奧巴馬的人數更多;他是自列根以來獲得最多選舉人票的候選人……。如果只是第一次失言,這可能是無心之失,如果同樣的事情發生了幾百次、幾千次,心理學家會推斷這個人是病態的說謊者。而且,特朗普侮辱了許多他不喜歡的人和國家,稱他們為「狗」、「低等生命」,最經典的例子莫過於侮辱某些國家為「屎坑國家」。當一個國家的最高元首視說謊和侮辱人為常態時,這不會危害社會道德嗎?
結語
「美國以後道德的標準和走向亦是基督徒父母應該關注的」,說得對!已故的參議員約翰‧麥凱恩是許多基督徒父母應該鼓勵孩子效法的典範,我曾經撰文表揚麥凱恩的道德勇氣。麥凱恩所做最後一件正確的事就是,他不希望特朗普總統參加他的葬禮。
附錄
在以下的議題中我隨手舉出了兩篇文章來作為例子,但在每個題目裏面我的文章數目不止兩篇。
恐怖主義和國家安全:
http://www.creative-wisdom.com/education/essays/on_cultures/north_korea_nuclear.pdf
http://www.creative-wisdom.com/education/essays/on_cultures/US_ISIS.pdf
移民:
http://creative-wisdom.com/education/essays/religion/neutral_terms.shtml
http://creative-wisdom.com/education/essays/religion/bible_n_immigration.pdf
槍支控制:
http://creative-wisdom.com/education/essays/religion/prayer_shooting.pdf
http://creative-wisdom.com/education/essays/religion/gun_evangelical.pdf
經濟和就業:
http://www.creative-wisdom.com/education/essays/on_cultures/economic_terrorism.shtml
http://www.creative-wisdom.com/education/essays/on_cultures/absolute_economic_power.shtml
氣候變化:
http://www.creative-wisdom.com/education/essays/on_cultures/trump_coal_mine.pdf
http://creative-wisdom.com/education/essays/religion/trump_enviro.pdf